- Superman III is a 1983 superhero film directed by Richard Lester, based on the DC Comics character Superman. It is the third film in the Superman film series and the.
- With Chris Farley, David Spade, Brian Dennehy, Bo Derek. An incompetent, immature, and dimwitted heir to an auto parts factory must save the business to keep it out.
- ACT I SCENE I. Enter GLOUCESTER, solus GLOUCESTER Now is the winter of our discontent Made glorious summer by this sun of York; And all the clouds.
- Richard III Questions and Answers. The Question and Answer section for Richard III is a great resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss the novel.
- Richard III is a historical play by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written in approximately 1592. It depicts the Machiavellian rise to power and.
- Plot summary of Shakespeare's Richard II: Richard, Duke of Gloucester, is determined to gain the crown of England from his brother, the Yorkist King Edward IV.
- A short summary of William Shakespeare's Richard III. This free synopsis covers all the crucial plot points of Richard III.
- From a general summary to chapter summaries to explanations of famous quotes, the SparkNotes Richard III Study Guide has everything you need to ace quizzes, tests.
Richard III Society . The elder of the two succeeded to the throne as Edward V on the death of his father in April 1.
Some six weeks later, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, uncle of the two boys, proclaimed himself king as Richard III. His nephews were at that time living in the royal apartments in the Tower of London where they were seen sporadically until about mid- July 1. After this they were never seen again. Their fate was a mystery at the time and has been ever since.
Rumours about the disappearance of the princes and their uncle's part in it soon began to circulate on the continent, where those who were disaffected by the current regime had taken refuge. However, it was only after Richard's own death that the accusations became more substantive and they are still popularly believed. The few facts that are known do not, however, support the traditional story, which was that they had been smothered by James Tyrell, Master of the Horse to Richard III, with the help of two men, Miles Forest and John Dighton.
Richard, the Yorkist Duke of Gloucester, has not stopped plotting since the defeat of Henry VI. He conspires to play his brothers, Edward (now King Edward IV) and. William Shakespeare's Othello: Short Plot Summary & Historical Context To The Story.
The bodies were then buried at the foot of a flight of stairs in the Tower. This story is well known from Shakespeare's play The Tragedy of King Richard III and from his major source for this story, Thomas More's The History of King Richard III. The Bones from the Tower.
The Tower of London. In 1. 67. 8 some bones, said to be the same ones, were interred in an urn in Westminster Abbey as the bones of the princes by order of Charles II. In 1. 93. 3 they were exhumed and, after examination, were declared to be the bones of two children of the right age and thus assumed to be the bones of the princes. Neither sex nor century of death could be determined, however. With the advance of knowledge and with new techniques available, the conclusions of the 1. The categorical statements made in the report which followed the examination would not now be made by modern forensic scientists, who would stress the uncertainties in the determination of age, sex, family relationship, date of death and so on.
To take just one example, modern forensic techniques show that the ages arrived at for the two skeletons are highly disputable and they may both be younger than they would be if they were the princes. Furthermore, the age gap between the two children appears to be less than the three years that separate the births of Edward and Richard, the two princes.
Assigning a date to the bones could not be done at all in 1. Using radiocarbon dating, it would now be possible to at least assign a century to them, and indeed probably come as close as a date with a margin of error of plus or minus about 1. This would at least enable us to know whether we were talking about late medieval bones or Roman bones, for example. It is likely that in the future even more accurate dating will be possible. The urn containing the 'bones' in Westminster Abbey. Another major deficiency in 1. In the report a relationship was largely assumed, and unreliable techniques then applied to prove it.
No attempt was made to determine their sex. With such young children this is difficult, but new techniques being developed will soon make it possible. More reliable methods have been developed since 1. DNA testing. With this powerful new technique it is possible to determine whether the children were male or female, to show if a relationship existed between them and whether they were both descended from the same person. The drawback in this particular case is that for this test to work a comparison between the mitochondrial DNA (mt. DNA) in the bones and that in a person descended in an unbroken female line from Elizabeth Woodville, the mother of the princes, must be made.
This is because only mt. DNA descends unchanged, through the female line, through the generations.
No such descent from Queen Elizabeth Woodville, or her mother Jacquetta, is currently known. An alternative would be to disinter Queen Elizabeth's body and, to check their paternity, that of Edward IV their father. However, genealogical research is being undertaken by Dr John Ashdown- Hill to trace the Woodville mt. DNA. It is therefore apparent that a further examination of these bones could tell us much more than could be determined in 1.
However, in a few years it may be possible to find out even more and it is not desirable to disinter bodies just to satisfy our curiosity now. The Society will, however, welcome a re- examination if and when the authorities are prepared to give permission.
We have to be content to wait for that and when scientific advances will have made the results much more meaningful. Read Helen Maurer's articles 'Bones in the Tower: A Discussion of Time, Place and Circumstance' part 1 and part 2 first published in The Ricardian. Further reading: Recent investigations regarding the fate of the Princes in the Tower, LE Tanner and William Wright (Archaeologica, Vol. Richard III, Paul Murray Kendal, London 1. Appendix 1: Who Murdered the 'Little Princes'?)The Mystery of the Princes, Audrey Williamson, Gloucester 1. Richard III and the Princes in the Tower, AJ Pollard, Gloucester 1.
The Princes in the Tower, Alison Weir, 1. Royal Blood, Bertram Fields, Stroud 2. Over the remainder of the play he fulfils his promise and at the very end, as he summons his supporters for the final assault, he acknowledges his fate: 'let's to it pell- mell,if not to heaven, then hand- in- hand to hell'During the course of the play the audience is made aware that Richard is responsible for the deaths of Henry VI and his son Prince Edward, Richard's brother the duke of Clarence, Earl Rivers, Richard Grey, Vaughan, William Hastings, the Princes, the duke of Buckingham and his own queen, Anne Neville. And if this catalogue of crime is not enough, he usurped the throne from his nephew.
Collectively these are the 'crimes' of Richard III. Let's look at some of these 'crimes' in their chronological order: Edward, Prince of Wales (son of king Henry VI) '. The murder of Edward, the last Lancastrian Prince of Wales, on the field of Tewkesbury on May 4th 1. The first direct reference to Richard's involvement came with Polydore Vergil who wrote in his Anglica Historia that Edward was 'crewelly murderyd' by Clarence, Hastings and Gloucester. It is in the Chronicles of Raphael Holinshed that Richard of Gloucester is cited as the principal culprit who strikes the first blow against Edward. Holinshed's Chronicle was first published in 1. England. Shakespeare probably made extensive use of Holinshed as source material for his plays.
Shakespeare developed the crime for dramatic purposes into one of the series of pre- meditated murders that paved the Shakespearean Richard's path to the throne. All contemporary sources are unanimous in making no reference to Richard as the murderer of Edward of Lancaster. The Arrivall of Edward IV, the official Yorkist account of the events of 1. Professor Charles Ross wrote that 'No shred of blame can fall on Richard . Camden Society, 1. Historie of the Arrivall of Edward IV edited by John Bruce. Camden Society, 1.
Warkworth's Chronicle edited by J Halliwell. Camden Society, 1. Richard Ill by Charles Ross.
London, 1. 98. 1The Battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury by P. W. Gloucester, 1.
King Henry VI – '. Byam Shaw 1. 90. 2. Polydore Vergil wrote that 'Henry the sixt . The contynuall report is, that Richard Duke of Gloucester killyd him with a sword . Thomas More wrote that Richard '.
For the litany of crimes to be complete Shakespeare's Richard had to have sole responsibility for Henry's murder, a task that he performed with apparent zeal. The Arrivall of Edward IV stated that Henry died of 'pure displeasure and melencoly.' It may well have been that he did suffer a fatal stroke or fit after learning of the death of his only son and the eclipse of his cause at the battle of Tewkesbury. However it is probably too much of a coincidence that his death should have taken place so soon after Edward IV returned to London. Warkworth's Chronicle stated that Henry 'was put to dethe .
Whilst it is probable that Henry VI was put to death the responsibility must lie with Edward IV. Only another monarch could legally order a regicide. It would have been Richard's responsibility as Constable of England to deliver the official warrant to the Tower. Since the Tower was a centre of government and a royal residence, Richard's presence there does not imply complicity with the murder.
Edward may have viewed the murder as a political necessity. It is now accepted that if Henry VI was murdered in the Tower he died on the orders of Edward IV. Charles Ross wrote that the accusation that Richard was personally responsible for the murders of Edward of Lancaster and Henry VI was 'quite unrelated to the mundane facts of historical evidence'.
Further reading: Three Books of Polydore Vergil's English History comprising the Reigns of Henry VI, Edward IV and Richard Ill, edited by Sir Henry Ellis. Camden Society, 1. The Complete Works of Sir Thomas More, The History of King Richard Ill edited by R. Sylvester, Yale, 1. Warkworth's Chronicle edited by J Halliwell. Camden Society, 1.
Historie of the Arrivall of Edward IV edited by John Bruce. Camden Society, 1. Richard Ill by Charles Ross. London, 1. 98. 1The Battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury by P. W. Gloucester, 1.
George, Duke of Clarence – '. The charge was soon incorporated into the growing legend of Richard III, culminating in the Shakespearean Richard and the butt of malmsey in the Tower of London. There is no contemporary evidence to suggest that Richard was actively involved with the death of Clarence.
The Crowland Chronicle stated '. Clarence had shown an interest in marrying the Burgundian heiress, Mary, following the death of her father Charles the Rash in 1. Edward thwarted this plan and relations between the brothers became tense.
Once Clarence began to take the king's justice into his own hands, he was challenging Edward's authority as king. With the precedent of Clarence's behaviour during 1. Edward had no option but to take action.
Superman III - Wikipedia. Superman III is a 1. Richard Lester. It is the third film in the Superman film series and the last Superman film to be produced by Alexander Salkind and Ilya Salkind. The film stars Christopher Reeve, Richard Pryor, Annette O'Toole, Annie Ross, Pamela Stephenson, and Robert Vaughn. While harsh criticism focused on the film's comedic and campy tone, as well as the casting and performance of Pryor, the special effects and Christopher Reeve's performance as a temporarily corrupted Superman were praised. Gus Gorman, a chronically unemployed loser, discovers he has a talent for computer programming and gets a job at the Metropolis- based conglomerate Webscoe.
Gus, dissatisfied with his pay, embezzles from his employer using a technique known as salami slicing, which brings Gus to the attention of CEO Ross Webster. Webster is intrigued by the computer programmer's potential to aid him in his schemes to rule the world financially. Joined by his sister Vera and his . En route, as Superman, he extinguishes a fire in a chemical plant containing highly unstable Beltric acid that can produce corrosive vapor when superheated. At the reunion, Clark is reunited with childhood friend Lana Lang, a divorc. Infuriated by Colombia's refusal to do business with him, he orders Gus to command the Vulcan weather satellite to create a tornado to destroy Colombia's coffee crop for the next several years.
Gus travels to Smallville to use the offices of Wheat. King, a subsidiary of Webscoe that manufactures farm equipment, to reprogram the satellite.
Though Gus is successful and Vulcan creates a devastating storm, Webster's scheme is thwarted when Superman flies into the eye of the storm, neutralizing it and saving the harvest. Webster, seeing Superman as a legitimate threat, orders Gorman to use his computer knowledge to create Kryptonite, remembering Lois Lane's. Daily Planet interview with Superman. Gus uses Vulcan to locate Krypton's debris in outer space and to analyze its components; he discovers that one of the elements of Kryptonite is an . Gus and Vera, disguised as United States Army officers, give Superman the crude Kryptonite as a gift, but it appears to cause no symptoms; however, Superman is seen biting his nails as he studies the kryptonite. Superman soon becomes selfish, focusing on his lust for Lana, which causes him to delay rescuing a truck driver from his jackknifed rig. Superman begins questioning his self- worth and becomes depressed, angry and casually destructive, committing petty acts of vandalism such as blowing out the Olympic Flame and straightening the Leaning Tower of Pisa.
Gus, feeling used, gives Webster crude plans for a supercomputer and Webster agrees to build it in turn for Gus directing all oil tankers to sail the middle of the Atlantic Ocean and remain there, idle, until further notice. When the captain of one tanker insists on maintaining his course for Metropolis, Webster uses Lorelei to seduce Superman into waylaying the tanker, breaching its hull and causing a massive oil spill. The villains decamp to the computer's location in Glen Canyon. Superman goes on a drinking binge, but is overcome by guilt and undergoes a nervous breakdown. After nearly crash- landing in a junkyard, Superman splits into two personas: the immoral, corrupted Superman and the moral, righteous Clark Kent.
They engage in a battle, ending when Clark strangles his evil identity. Restored to his normal self, Superman repairs the damage his evil counterpart caused. After defending himself from rockets and an MX missile, Superman confronts Webster, Vera, and Lorelei. Gus's supercomputer immediately identifies him as a threat and attempts to find his weakness. After a beam of energy and a constricting plastic bubble fail to stop Superman, the computer finally succeeds with a beam of pure Kryptonite.
Guilt- ridden and horrified by the prospect of . The computer becomes self- aware and defends itself against Gus's attempts to disable it, draining power from electrical towers. Ross and Lorelei escape from the control room, but Vera is pulled into the computer and transformed into a cyborg. Vera attacks her brother and Lorelei with beams of energy that immobilize them. Superman returns with a canister of the Beltric acid from the chemical plant he saved earlier.
Superman places the canister by the supercomputer, which does not resist as it suspects no immediate danger. The intense heat emitted by the supercomputer causes the acid to turn volatile, destroying it. Superman flies away with Gus, leaving Webster and his cronies to deal with the authorities, and drops Gus off at a West Virginia coal mine. Superman returns to Metropolis.
As Clark, he pays a visit to Lana, who has relocated to the big city and found employment as Perry White's new secretary. He is attacked by Brad, who has stalked Lana to Metropolis, only to end up falling into a room service cart.
He reverses his earlier act of straightening the Leaning Tower of Pisa, and the film ends with Superman flying into the sunrise for further adventures. Christopher Reeve as Clark Kent / Superman: After discovering his origins in the earlier films, he sets himself to helping those on Earth. After beating arch enemy Lex Luthor twice, Superman meets a new villain: Ross Webster, who is determined to control the world's coffee and oil supplies.
Superman also battles personal demons after an exposure to a synthetic form of kryptonite that corrupts him. Richard Pryor as August . After Superman prevents him from taking over the world's coffee supply, Ross is determined to destroy Superman before he can stop his plan to control the world's oil supply. He is an original character created for the movie. Annette O'Toole as Lana Lang: Clark's high school friend who reconciles with Clark after seeing him during their high school reunion. O'Toole later portrayed Martha Kent on the Superman television series Smallville.
Annie Ross as Vera Webster: Ross' sister and partner in his corporation and villainous plans. Pamela Stephenson as Lorelei Ambrosia: Ross' assistant and girlfriend. Lorelei, a voluptuous blonde bombshell, is well- read, articulate and skilled in computers, but conceals her intelligence from Ross and Vera, to whom she adopts the appearance of a superficial fool. As part of Ross' plan, she seduces Superman. Jackie Cooper as Perry White: The editor of the Daily Planet.
Margot Kidder as Lois Lane: A reporter at the Daily Planet who has a history with both Clark Kent and Superman. She is away from Metropolis on vacation to Bermuda, which put her in the middle of a front- page story.
Marc Mc. Clure as Jimmy Olsen: A photographer for the Daily Planet. Gavan O'Herlihy as Brad Wilson: Lana's former boyfriend. Film director/puppeteer Frank Oz originally had a cameo in this film as a surgeon, but the scene was ultimately deleted, though it was later included in the TV extended version of the film. Production. Mxyzptlk portrayed in the outline varies from his good- humored comic counterpart, as he uses his abilities to cause serious harm. Dudley Moore was the top choice to play the role. Brainiac is portrayed as a surrogate father to Supergirl and eventually fell in love with his . Hackman did reprise his role as Lex Luthor in Superman IV, of which the Salkinds had no involvement.
In his commentary for the 2. DVD release of Superman III, Ilya Salkind denied any ill will between Margot Kidder and his production team and denied the claim that her part was cut for retaliation.
Instead, he said, the creative team decided to pursue a different direction for a love interest for Superman, believing the Lois and Clark relationship had been played out in the first two films (but could be revisited in the future). With the choice to give a more prominent role to Lana Lang, Lois' part was reduced for story reasons. Salkind also denied the reports about Gene Hackman being upset with him, stating that Hackman was unable to return because of other film commitments. Following the release of this movie, Pryor signed a five- year contract with Columbia Pictures worth $4. To capitalize on the popularity of synthesizer pop, Giorgio Moroder was hired to create songs for the film (though their use in the film is minimal). Distribution. Kotzwinkle thought the novelization . Adults may enjoy the novel on its own merits, as a Black Comedy of sorts, but it's not written for kids, and most of the under- 1.
Kotzwinkle's dour humor. A prototype box for the Atari 5. At Rotten Tomatoes, only 2. The summary on Rotten Tomatoes goes as follows: . Film critic Leonard Maltin said that Superman III was an . After an appearance by Pryor on The Tonight Show.
Lester broke tradition by setting the opening credits for Superman III during a prolonged slapstick sequence rather than in outer space. On Richard Lester's direction of Superman III, Christopher Reeve stated. I mean, I didn't think that his going off the top of a building, on skis with a pink tablecloth around his shoulders, was particularly funny.
Since Donner and Mankiewicz were no longer attached to the franchise, the Salkinds were finally able to bring their . UGO Networks. Retrieved 2. Turner Classic Movies. Atlanta: Turner Broadcasting System (Time Warner). Retrieved December 1. The Huffington Post. United States: AOL.
Retrieved December 1. Retrieved 2. 01. 2- 0. Story Outline for Superman III; (PDF file); Accessed September 4, 2. Retrieved 2. 00. 8- 0.
Retrieved 2. 00. 8- 0. United States. Retrieved August 7, 2. Retrieved 2. 01. 0- 0. Not Panicking, Ltd. June 1. 98. 3. American Cinematographer.
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